,tactile ,diagram ,manual

              #bjjb ,edi;n

                ,,taevis
            ,purdue ,univ]s;y
      #aadi ,s\? ,campus ,c\rts-;,e
    ,we/ ,lafayette1 ,,in #dgijg-aadi

           _+brl@purdue.edu_:
     _+www.taevisonline.purdue.edu_:

              ,a ,divi.n (!
        ,(fice (! ,d1n ( ,/ud5ts

            ,purdue ,univ]s;y
          ,we/ ,lafayette1 ,,9

  ,copy"r #bjjb1 ,purdue ,rese>* ,f.d,n
  ,an ,equal ,a3ess/,equal ,opportun;y
                ,univ]s;y

             ,9 ,"o ,volume
             ,brl ,pages3 #
,pr9t ,pages3 #piii-iv1 #a-bi1 ;,a#a-#ah


















































                                      p#b
------------------------------------,,iii
            ,,ta# ,,( ,,3t5ts

                                     ,pag
e
,,4abil;y ,,s]vices ,,at ,,purdue """""
#a
  ,,adaptive ,,programs """""""""""""""
#a
  ,,alps ,,lab """"""""""""""""""""""""
#a
  ,,taevis """"""""""""""""""""""""""""
#a
,,ab ,,? ,,manual """""""""""""""""""""
#b

,i4 ,,produc;n """"""""""""""""""""""""
#c
  ,a4 ,,diagram ,,selec;n ,,crit]ia """
#c
  ,b4 ,,prep>,n """""""""""""""""""""""
#d
    #a4 ,design,n """""""""""""""""""""
#d
    #b4 ,titles                       p#c
""""""""""""""""""""""" #d
  ,c4 ,,m$ium """""""""""""""""""""""""
#e
  ,d4 ,,me?od """""""""""""""""""""""""
#e
    #a4 ,draw+ """"""""""""""""""""""""
#e
    #b4 ,brl ,labels """"""""""""""""""
#e
  ,e4 ,,pro(r1d+ """"""""""""""""""""""
#f
,,ii4 ,,tactile ,,design """"""""""""""
#g
  ,a4 ,,design ,,pr9ciple """""""""""""
#g
    #a4 ,simplify+ """"""""""""""""""""
#g
    #b4 ,resiz+ """""""""""""""""""""""
#h
,,iii4 ,,=mat """"""""""""""""""" #i
  ,a4 ,,templates """""""""""""""""""""
                                       #i
    #a4 ,h1d] """""""""""""""""""""""""
#i
    #b4 ,foot]                        p#d
"""""""""""""""""""""""" #i
    #c4 ,left ,m>g9 """""""""""""""""""
#i
    #d4 ,"r ,m>g9 """""""""""""""""""""
#i
  ,b4 ,,pap] ,,size """""""""""""""""""
#i
  ,c4 ,,draw+ ,,size """""""""""""""""
#aj
  ,d4 ,,b9d+ """""""""""""""""""""""""
#aj
,,iv4 ,,multiple ,,pages """""""""""""
#aa
  ,a4 ,,ov]view """"""""""""""""""""""
#aa
  ,b4 ,,5l>ge;t """"""""""""""""""""""
#aa
  ,c4 ,,lay]+ """"""""""""""""""""""""
#ab
  ,d4 ,,fold-\ """""""""""""""""""""""
#ab
  ,e4 ,,numb]+ ,,multiple ,,pages """"
#ab
,v4 ,,>r[s """""""""""""""""""""""""""
#ac                                   p#e
  ,a4 ,,h1d """"""""""""""""""""""""""
#ac
  ,b4 ,,%aft """""""""""""""""""""""""
#ac
  ,c4 ,,spac+ """"""""""""""""""""""""
#ad
  ,d4 ,,labels """""""""""""""""""""""
#ad
  ,e4 ,,simplify+ """"""""""""""""""""
#ad
-------------------------------------,,iv
,,vi4 ,,labels """""""""""""""""""""""
#ae
  ,a4 ,,specific,ns """"""""""""""""""
#ae
    #a4 ,codes """""""""""""""""""""""
#ae
    #b4 ,size & ,font """""""""" #ae
    #c4 ,transcrip;n """""""""""""""""
#ae
    #d4 ,posi;n """"""""""""""""""""""
#af
  ,b4 ,,$it+ """""""""""""""""""""""""
#af
  ,c4 ,,spac+                         p#f
"""""""""""""""""""""""" #ag
  ,d4 ,,l1d ,,l9es """""""""""""""""""
#ag
  ,e4 ,,subh1d+ ,,labels """""""""""""
#ag
,,vii4 ,,l9es """"""""""""""""""""""""
#ah
  ,a4 ,,v>iety """""""""""""""""""""""
#ah
  ,b4 ,,l5g? """""""""""""""""""""""""
#ah
  ,c4 ,,prior;y """"""""""""""""""""""
#ah
  ,d4 ,,spac+ """"""""""""""""""""""""
#ah
  ,e4 ,,"tsav+ ,,h9t """""""""""""""""
#ai
,,viii4 ,,textur$ ,,fills """"""""""""
#bj
  ,a4 ,,v>iety """""""""""""""""""""""
#bj
  ,b4 ,,*oos+ ,a ,,texture """""""""""
#bj
    #a4 ,size """"""""""""""""""""""""
#bj                                   p#g
    #b4 ,adjac5t ,fill7s7 """"""""""""
#bj
    #c4 ,direc;nal;y """""""""""""""""
#bj
    #d4 ,prior;y/,dom9.e """""""""""""
#bj
    #e4 ,numb] ( ,fills """"""""""""""
#ba
    #f4 ,r1d] ,age/,exp]i;e """"""""""
#ba
  ,c4 ,,cl>;y """"""""""""""""""""""""
#ba
  ,d4 ,,:ite 7,,empty7 """""""""""""""
#ba
  ,e4 ,,3si/5cy """"""""""""""""""""""
#ba
  ,f4 ,,spac+ """""""""""""""""" #bb
  ,g4 ,,fill ,,key """""""""""""""""""
#bb
,,ix4 ,,graphs """""""""""""""""""""""
#bc
  ,a4 ,,types ,,( ,,graphs """""""""""
#bc
    #a4 ,b> ,graphs """"""""""""""""""
#bc                                   p#h
    #b4 ,c>tesian 7;,x1 ,y7 ,graphs ""
#bc
    #c4 ,circle ,graphs 7or ,pie
        ,*>ts7 """""""""""""""""""""""
#bc
    #d4 ,l9e ,graphs """""""""""""""""
#bd
    #e4 ,pictographs """""""""""""""""
#bd
  ,b4 ,,graph+ ,,ele;ts """"""""""""""
#bd
    #a4 ,v]tices """""""""""""""""""""
#bd
    #b4 ,tick ,l9es 7or ,m1sure;t
        ,l9es7 """""""""""""""""""""""
#bd
    #c4 ,grids """""""""""""""""""""""
#be
    #d4 ,plot ,po9ts """""""""""""""""
#bf
,x4 ,,keys """""""""""""""""""""""""""
#bg
  ,a4 ,,use """"""""""""""""""""""""""
#bg
  ,b4 ,,=mat                          p#i
""""""""""""""""""""""""" #bg
  ,c4 ,,label+ """""""""""""""""""""""
#bh
  ,d4 ,,place;t """"""""""""""""""""""
#bh
,,xi4 ,,app5dix ,,( ,,diagram
    ,,examples """""""""""""""""""""""
#bi

 














---------------------------------------#a
    ,,4abil;y ,,s]vices ,,at ,,purdue

,purdue ,univ]s;y is a /ate-assi/$1
preem95t rese>* 9/itu;n ) hi/orical
/r5g?s 9 5g9e]+ & agriculture4 ,ov]
#ch1jjj /ud5ts >e 5roll$ at ! ,we/
,lafayette1 ,,in1 campus4 ,! s*ool
supports a -preh5sive ef=t 6provide equal
a3ess = /ud5ts ) 4abilities4

    ,,adaptive ,,programs
,a3ommod,ns = /ud5ts ) 4abilities >e
>rang$ "? ,adaptive ,programs1 a unit )9
! ,(fice (! ,d1n ( ,/ud5ts4 ,/aff memb]s
id5tify 9dividualiz$ a3ommod,ns = /ud5ts
) physical1 emo;nal & le>n+ 4abilities4
,once 4abil;y speciali/s det]m9e t brl or
electronic text is a suita# a3ommod,n1
,,taevis /aff memb]s >e notifi$ &
mat]ials >e procur$ = transcrip;n4

    ,,alps ,,lab
,! ,,alps ,lab1 )9 ,purdue's ,9=m,n
,te*nology /ructure1 is a -put] lab 3ta9+
fully a3essi# equip;t4 ,/ud5ts )       #b
4abilities c utilize a v>iety (
alt]native devices & programs : provide !
-put] a3ess ess5tial 6td's /ud5t4

    ,,taevis
,9 #aiif ,purdue ,univ]s;y 2gan a 3c]t$
ef=t 6provide brl mat]ials 6two bl /ud5ts
:o 7 5roll$ 9 *emi/ry c\rses4 ,! loosely
/ructur$ ef=t qkly grew 96,,taevis
7,tactile ,a3ess 6,$uc,n = ,visu,y
,impair$ ,/ud5ts7 an organiz$ unit : n[
supports /ud5ts 9 a wide range ( classes4
,! gr\p r\t9ely provides alt]native a3ess
6lib]al >ts c\rses1 calculus1 5g9e]+1
*emi/ry1 =eign languages1 ma!matics1 etc4
,9 a4i;n 6brl1 ! gr\p provides /ud5ts )
electronic text & tactile diagrams4
---------------------------------------#b
            ,,ab ,,? ,,manual

,pr9t diagrams >e design$ = visual r1d]s
& (t5 3ta9 f1tures : >e n easily pres5t$
6! brl r1d]3 p]spective1 ov]lapp+ l9es1
color1 pr9t tags1 etc4 ,! tactile
illu/rator m/ c>e;lly transcribe !     #c
diagram 6pres]ve ! orig9al 9t5t :ile
provid+ ! brl r1d] equal a3ess 6! subject
9=m,n4

,? booklet 3ta9s collect$ guidel9es &
te*niques us$ 0,,taevis illu/rators
6transcribe pr9t diagrams 96tactile
images on microcapsule pap]4 ,x is us$ 9
! ,,taevis facil;y z bo? a tra9+ manual
&a ref];e book4

,^! /&>ds h be5 ref9$ ov] six ye>s :ile
cr1t+1 on av]age ov] #ajjj diagrams p]
seme/]4 ,,taevis has built on ! rese>* &
draw+ pr9ciples develop$ = o!r m$ia s* z
!rmo=m1 foil1 & dot images4 ,9 a4i;n1
,,taevis has li/5$ closely 6,purdue
/ud5ts :o h provid$ direct fe$back on :at
has & has n "w$ = !m z !y h r1d !
mat]ials & /udi$ = _! classes4 ,2c !
/ud5ts >e \r cli5ts1 ! 5d us]s ( \r
product1 !y h _h a /r;g voice 9 ! /&>ds :
,,taevis has adapt$4

,! guidel9es pres5t$ 9 ? booklet >e    #d
j t3 guidel9es4 ,no "o tra9+ manual c
prep>e ! tactile illu/rator = all
diagrams : he or %e w 2 ask$ 6transcribe4
,! mo/ e6ective tra9+ me?od is 6provide !
illu/rator ) basic guidel9es & pr9ciples
: c 2 appli$ 6a v>iety ( situ,ns4  
---------------------------------------#c
             ,i4 ,,produc;n

  ,a4 ,,diagram ,,selec;n ,,crit]ia
,hi<ly illu/rat$ college textbooks may
3ta9 ov] #ajjj draw+s & photos4 ,only a
por;n ( ^! diagrams provide 9=m,n t[>d
"u/&+ ! mat]ial4 ,"s illu/r,ns >e pres5t
simply 65h.e ! visual app1l (! page :ile
o!rs may 2 a visual repres5t,n ( 9=m,n 9
! text4
 
,purdue brl r1d]s h 9dicat$ a /r;g
pref];e 6h only ! mo/ ess5tial illu/r,ns
z tactile diagrams4 ,!y h ask$ t1 :5"e
possi#1 ! mat]ial 2 describ$ 9 brl text4
,? less5s ! burd5 on ,,taevis & provides
m /r1ml9$ textbooks =! /ud5ts4
                                       #e
,) ^! facts 9 m9d1 ,,taevis reviews all
textbooks & transcribes only ^? diagrams
: >e ess5tial 6! subject matt]4 ,=
te*nical exp]tise1 ,,taevis 3sults
graduate /ud5ts :o h a backgr.d 9 ! giv5
subject4 ,/aff memb]s >e guid$ 0! foll[+
"qs3

,does ! illu/r,n add 9=m,nal value or
  does x simply provide visual app1l8
,is ! 9=m,n pres5t$ 9 ! illu/r,n al
  describ$ 9 ! text or 9 ! cap;n8
,if ! illu/r,n is describ$ 9 ! text1 is t
  descrip;n adequate =! subject matt]8
,if ! illu/r,n is n describ$ 9 ! text1 c
  x adequately 2 describ$ 9 a
  transcrib]'s note8
,is "! a simil> diagram or diagrams 9 !
  text : c 2 ref];ed s t only "o
  repres5tative illu/r,n is nec8
,is ! illu/r,n "p (a cumulative s]ies ":
  only ! f9al illu/r,n is requir$8

,an illu/r,n w 2 r5d]$ z a tactile
diagram only if x provides ess5tial    #f
9=m,n & if x _c 2 adequately describ$ 9
brl text4
---------------------------------------#d
  ,b4 ,,prep>,n
    #a4 ,design,n
,illu/rators & transcrib]s ea* rcv copies
(! pr9t pages : 3ta9 illu/r,ns 6be
tactil$4 ,on ea* copy1 ! mat]ial 6be
tactil$ is circl$ or hi<li<t$4 ,? all[s
ea* p]son 6"k exactly :at por;n (!
illu/r,n w 2 9 ! tactile diagram4 ,)a qk
gl.e1 transcrib]s "k if any por;n (!
illu/r,n w ne$ 6be 9 ! text or 9 a
transcrib]'s note4 ,illu/r,ns >e l9k$ 6!
text via transcrib]'s notes4
    #b4 ,titles
,ea* diagram is giv5 a unique title & an
9t]nal track+ numb]4 ,9 ! f9al tactile
diagram1 ! title appe>s 9 brl &! track+
numb] 79t]n,y ref]r$ 6z a ,doc4 ,,id7 w
appe> 9 small pr9t at ! bottom (!
diagram4 ,a sample template lay\t is %[n
9 ,diagram ;,a-#ja (! ,app5dix4

,! title &! ,doc4 ,,id >e li/$ on      #g
bo? ! illu/rator's & transcrib]'s copy s
bo? "w]s "k ! designat$ diagram title4 ,?
is ess5tial 2c ! transcrib]s w 2 9s]t+ a
note ref]r+ 6! diagram 0title4

,titles >e usu,y -pos$ (! text page numb]
foll[$ 0a descriptive title or any figure
numb]s assign$ 9 ! text4 ,if m ?an "o
graphic on a pr9t page is select$ 62come
a tactile diagram ! page numb] w 2 foll[$
0a lr4 ,titles may di6] = non-/&>d items
s* z ov]h1ds1 h&\ts1 etc4 ,! foll[+ >e
samples ( diagram titles3

  #bce3 ,figure #i;b 7pr9t text page
#bce1
,figure #i;b7
  #agc;c3 ,circulatory ,sy/em 7pr9t text
page #agc1 ?ird illu/r,n on t page2 pr9t
title (! illu/r,n is 8,circulatory
,sy/em07
  ,ov]h1d3 ,graph #d 7,graph #d f a gr\p
    (
ov]h1ds7
                                       #h
,9clu.n ( pr9t page numb]s al all[s qk]
b9d+4 ,,taevis foll[s textbook =matt+
guidel9es t 4play ! pr9t page numb] 9 !
upp] corn] (! brl page4 ,once ! pr9t page
is locat$ 9 ! brl volume1 ! transcrib]'s
note =! diagram %d 2 )9 a few pages4 ,brl
diagrams >e b.d next 6! text page : 3ta9s
! ref];e 6! diagram4
---------------------------------------#e
  ,c4 ,,m$ium
,,taevis produces -put] g5]at$ rais$-l9e
diagrams on microcapsule pap]4
 
  ,d4 ,,me?od
    #a4 ,draw+
,,taevis uses /&>d1 -m]ci,y availa#
graphics s(tw>e 6trace or redraw all
diagrams4 ,! prim>y goal is 6pres]ve !
9tegr;y (! diagram4 ,h["e1 "s $it+ may 2
requir$ 65sure t ! =mat is suita# = brl
r1d]s4 ,? is 4cuss$ 9 m detail 9 ! sec;n
on ,$it+4

,! /aff h cr1t$ -put] templates s* z /&>d
lay\ts1 plot po9ts1 graph ele;ts1      #i
etc41 : help 6/r1ml9e ! draw+ process4
,illu/rators al make maximum use (
diagrams : >e simil> 9 nature 0cr1t+ a
base diagram & modify+ x = 9dividual
draw+s4

,,taevis illu/rators >e cross-tra9$ 9
,neme? brl & 9 ! use ( transl,n s(tw>e4
,? all[s !m 6g5]ate labels 7tags7 = _!
diagrams4 ,text transcrib]s >e al availa#
6assi/ if "qs >ise4
    #b4 ,brl ,labels
,brl labels 7tags7 >e plac$ 9 diagrams z
text blocks 9 ! ov]all graphic4 ,a #bd
pt4 brl font is requir$ 6produce /&>d brl
dots on ! microcapsule pap]4 ,"! may 2 "s
di6];es 2t pap]s1 b ? font size is suita#
ov] a range ( m$ia4 ,a scala# brl font1
s* z t provid$ )! ,duxbury ,brl
,translator1 c 2 us$ 6g5]ate brl labels4
,9 mo/ graphics programs1 ! >ti/ w h !
op;n ( select+ ! font = text boxes4 7,see
,,labels1 ,sec;n ,,vi1 =a -plete 4cus.n (
brl label cre,n & use47
                                      #aj
,labels c 2 transcrib$ manu,y or
electronic,y4 ,= simple labels1 x is
easie/ 6use ! ,,ascii keybo>d equival5ts
= brl symbols4 ,= 9/.e1 ! illu/rator c
simply type 1;c = ;,c 6repres5t a c>bon
atom 9 a *emical /ructure4 ,! ,duxbury
,brl ,translator or ! ,neme? filt] =
,sci5tific ,notebook c 2 us$ 6assi/ 9 !
transcrip;n ( m -plex labels4 ,! me?od w
v>y ac 6illu/rator pref];e &! mat]ial 6be
transcrib$4 ,! diagrams 9 ! ,app5dix
provide s"eal examples ( brl labels4
---------------------------------------#f
  ,e4 ,,pro(r1d+
,tactile diagrams >e pro(r1d 9 a two /ep
process4 ,f/1 a brl transcrib] exam9es !
draw+ = label+ a3uracy4 ,9 ! second /ep1
an illu/rator *ecks = graphic 3t5t &
cl>;y4
---------------------------------------#g
        ,,ii4 ,,tactile ,,design

  ,a4 ,,design ,,pr9ciple
,x is alw ! goal ( ,,taevis 6pres]ve !
sci5tific 9tegr;y &! orig9al 9t5t (   #aa
all diagrams4 ,h["e1 illu/rators res]ve !
"r 6make m9or modific,ns 9 size1 lay\t1
=m1 posi;n1 or scale 6produce a tactile
image t is optimal =! tactile r1d]4
,illu/rators 3sid] ! foll[+ factors :5
review+ a diagram3

,! age/grade (! /ud5t
,! /ud5t's exp]i;e ) tactile graphics
,! import.e ( tactile graphics 6! /ud5t
,! -plex;y ( subject matt]
,previ\s exp]i;e )! subject matt]
,size & -posi;n (! t>get audi;e
,special m$ical or le>n+ ne$s
,frequ5cy ( usage (! tactile graphics
,pres;e or abs;e ( a4i;nal aides
  7example3 professors1 lab "pn]s1 pe]s7
,purpose ( diagram 7example3 /udy aid1
  exam7

    #a4 ,simplify+
,unnec l9es1 details1 decor,ns1 etc41 may
2 reduc$ 9 numb] or elim9at$ if s*
8second>y 9=m,n0 is 4tract+ & n relevant
6! purpose (! orig9al diagram4        #ab
,subject exp]tise is use;l 6a3urately
simplify ! orig9al diagram1 especi,y 9
adv.ed academic mat]ials4 ,! tactile >ti/
is alw responsi# = pres]v+ ! orig9al 9t5t
(! diagram4

,diagram ;,a-#ah 9 ! ,app5dix provides a
gd example (a pr9t diagram t has be5
simplifi$ 9 ! tactile v].n4 ,! pr9t
illu/r,n %[s a c> mov+ up an 9cl9e al;g )
"s details ab ! 9cl9e slope1 etc4 ,!
tactile v].n simplifies ! c>1 b ma9ta9s !
sci5tific 9tegr;y (! illu/r,n 0reta9+ all
ma!matical 9=m,n4

,! :eels1 w9d[s1 & %ape (! c> 5h.e !
visual app1l (! illu/r,n1 b >e all
second>y 9=m,n :5 solv+ ! a3ompany+
ex]cises4 ,! tactile >ti/ has simplifi$ !
c> 0mak+ x a fill$ box & a4+ ! label
8c>04 ,if ! >ti/ _h transcrib$ ! draw+
exactly z x 0 %[n 9 pr9t1 ! unid5tifi$
%ape wd h be5 3fus+ =! r1d]4
---------------------------------------#h
,unnec "t wd h be5 sp5t try+ 6sort    #ac
\ ! c> &a si<t$ assi/ant may ev5 h be5
requir$ 6expla9 ! details4

,:5 ! c> is trans=m$ 96a box & cle>ly
label$1 ! diagram is cl>ifi$ &! r1d] c
focus on ! sci5tific pr9ciples at h&4
,descriptive labels %d n add any 9=m,n t
is n provid$ 6o!r /ud5ts4

,ano!r simplific,n example is ! -mon
r5di;n (! atmosph]ic wat] cycle4 ,pr9t
pictures usu,y %[ cities1 f>ms1 trees1
m.ta9s1 cl\ds1 boats1 etc4 ,! >ti/ c save
"t & / pres5t ess5tial rel,n%ips 9 !
draw+ 0us+ labels r ?an pictures = mo/ (
^! items4

,?ree-dim5.nal pr9t diagrams may al 2
simplifi$ 0redraw+ !m 9 a #b-dim5.nal
=mat4 ,? may require a4i;nal views 7top1
side or front71 9cr1s+ ! total numb] (
f9al tactile diagram pages4 7,see
,multiple ,pages1 ,sec;n ,,iv47
    #b4 ,resiz+
,tactile diagrams may 2 5l>g$ z a     #ad
:ole 69clude critical detail7s7 or
69cr1se cl>;y4 ,tactile diagrams may al 2
5l>g$ horizont,y1 v]tic,y1 or bo?
6a3ommodate brl labels1 or 69cr1se cl>;y
(a "picul> >ea or sec;n4
---------------------------------------#i
              ,,iii4 ,,=mat

  ,a4 ,,templates
,all ,,taevis tactile diagrams >e cr1t$
on a /&>d template 3si/+ (! ele;ts li/$
2l4 ,template f1tures >e %[n on ,diagram
;,a-#ja 9 ! ,app5dix4

    #a4 ,h1d]
dott$ h1d] l9e #e/h0 7#j.fbe0 or #ae;mm7
  f ! top (! page
brl diagram title 7#bd pt4 font71 flu%
  left1 directly abv ! dott$ h1d] l9e
    #b4 ,foot]
dott$ foot] l9e #a/b0 7#j.e0 or #ac;mm7 f
  ! bottom (! page
pr9t copy"r notice 7#i pt4 font71 flu%
  left directly 2l ! dott$ foot] l9e
pr9t title 7#i pt4 font71 c5t]$       #ae
  directly 2l ! dott$ foot] l9e
pr9t ,,taevis docu;t id5tific,n numb] 7#i
  pt4 font71 flu% "r directly 2l ! dott$
  foot] l9e
    #c4 ,left ,m>g9
#a/b0 7#j.e0 or #ac;mm7
    #d4 ,"r ,m>g9
#c/h0 7#j.cge0 or #aj;mm7

,template =mats >e id5tical = l&scape
7horizontal7 & portrait 7v]tical7 pages4
,! brl title & dott$ h1d] l9e 9dicate !
ori5t,n (! page4
 
  ,b4 ,,pap] ,,size
,,taevis diagram templates >e siz$ =
#h.e0 ;x #aa0 pap]4 ,al? brl text pages
>e #aa0 ;x #aa.e0 & diagrams wd 2 all[$
on ! l>g] pap]1 ! small] pap] c 2 pr9t$
on /&>d (fice equip;t4 ,specializ$ pr9t]s
wd 2 requir$ 6a3ommodate ! #aa0 ;x #aa.e0
brl =mat4

,! diagrams >e pr9t$ onto regul> pap] )a
las]jet & !n photocopi$ onto          #af
microcapsule pap] = image process+4
,,taevis uses two sizes ( microcapsule
pap]3 /&>d ,u4,s4 pap] size 7#h.e0 ;x
#aa07 &! sli<tly l>g] 7#h.e0 ;x #aa.ge07
pap] suppli$ 0"s 9t]n,nal v5dors4
--------------------------------------#aj
  ,c4 ,,draw+ ,,size
,! size (! tactile draw+ xf is dep5d5t on
! -plex;y or 3t5t (! orig9al pr9t diagram
&! necess;y ( 5l>ge;t1 resiz+1 etc41
6make x e6ective4

  ,d4 ,,b9d+
,,taevis brl docu;ts >e b.d us+ ! #ai-
hole pun* b9d+ sy/em4 ,po/]bo>d1 cut
6#aa0 ;x #aa.e01 is us$ =! front & back
cov]s4

,tactile diagrams >e pun*$ & b.d next 6!
brl page t ref]s 6! diagram4 ,brl & pr9t
labels >e a4$ 6! cov] =a -plet$ docu;t1
r1dy = deliv]y 6! /ud5t4
--------------------------------------#aa

         ,,iv4 ,,multiple ,,pages     #ag

,if a pr9t diagram 3ta9s excessive
graphic or text 9=m,n1 x may 2 nec 6place
"p (! mat]ial on a4i;nal pages us+ "o (!
me?ods li/$ 2l4

  ,a4 ,,ov]view
      ,descrip;n
,! f/ page 3ta9s a basic ov]view ) ll or
no detail 6%[ ! r1d] ! ov]all %ape or
3nectiv;y (! mat]ial4 ,diagrams on
a4i;nal pages illu/rate small] seg;ts %[+
grt] detail4
      ,examples
,an >ray ( lab equip;t ) _m -pon5ts3 !
  ov]all s*eme wd 2 %[n on ! f/ page )
  9dividual glassw>e -pon5ts on ! foll[+
  pages4
,a -plex *emical reac;n3 ! f/ page wd %[
  ! ov]all reac;n ) simple labels =!
  v>i\s -pon5ts :ile ! detail$ molecul>
  /ructures ( ^? -pon5ts wd 2 %[n on
  subsequ5t pages4
,a nature cycle 7life cycle (a mo?1
  5viron;tal wat] cycle73 ! f/ page   #ah
  wd %[ ! cyclical view ) brl labels =!
  -pon5ts2 ! foll[+ pages wd 3ta9 detail$
  draw+s ( ea* por;n (! cycle4
  ,b4 ,,5l>ge;t      
      ,descrip;n
,x is nec 65l>ge a por;n (! orig9al
diagram = 9cr1s$ cl>;y4 ,! f/ page %[s !
5tire %ape ) ll detail4 ,! 5l>g$ sec;n
7or sec;ns7 is plac$ on ! foll[+ pages4
      ,examples
,a l;g molecule hi<li<t+ ! la/ few atoms
  9 ! sequ;e3 ! basic /ructure is on ! f/
  page &! detail$ view (! la/ sequ;e is
  on ! foll[+ page4
,a graph %[+ l;g-t]m tr5ds ) details (
  rec5t tr5ds3 ! l;g-t]m view is %[n on !
  f/ page ) no details =! rec5t p]iod2 !
  rec5t p]iod is drawn z a sep>ate graph
  & plac$ on ! foll[+ pages4
--------------------------------------#ab
,a human body is %[n ) details (! lungs3
  ! body is %[n on ! f/ page &! g5]al
  loc,n (! lungs is 9dicat$2 a detail$
  draw+ (! upp] abdom5 is pres5t$ on !
  foll[+ page4                        #ai
  ,c4 ,,lay]+
      ,descrip;n
,a pr9t illu/r,n is hi<ly detail$ & 3ta9s
s"eal types ( 9=m,n4 ,"! >e simply too _m
labels1 symbols1 etc41 6r5d] "ey?+ 9 brl4
,! basic =m (! object is illu/rat$ on !
f/ page & rep1t$ on ! foll[+ page7s7 )
di6]5t types ( 9=m,n on ea* page4
       ,examples
,a map3 ! ov]all %ape is %[n on ! f/ page
  ) ll or no detail2 t %ape is rep1t$ on
  subsequ5t pages ) physical f1tures1
  major cities1 popul,n d5s;y1 climate1
  etc4 on sep>ate pages4
,illu/r,n (! human body %[+ circulatory1
  skeletal1 & pulmon>y sy/ems3 ea* sy/em
  is %[n on a sep>ate page4

  ,d4 ,,fold-\
,descrip;n
,9 "s situ,ns a s+le diagram c 2 drawn on
two pages &! pages tap$ tgr1 cr1t+ a
fold-\ sec;n4 ,! tape %d 2 wide & /r;g 5
6hold ! two pages tgr & )/& expect$ use4
,! /ud5t c r1d ! pages )\t !          #bj
9t]rup;n (a page br1k4 ,! ,,taevis ,doc4
,,id is plac$ on bo? pages &! fold$ page
is trimm$ sli<tly 6facilitate b9d+4
      ,examples
,! ,p]iodic ,ta# (! ,ele;ts3 ! /ructure
  (! ta# is sci5tific,y significant s x
  is help;l =! r1d] 6see ! 5tire lay\t at
  "o "t4
,a map3 all[s ! /ud5t 6see ! 5tire >ea
  )\t page br1ks & all[s ! illu/rator
  69clude m detail 9 a s+le draw+4
,a fl[ *>t or tree /ructure3 ^! c 2come q
  ext5sive & x may 2 help;l =! r1d] 6see
  ! full sy/em at "o r1d+4

  ,e4 ,,numb]+ ,,multiple ,,pages
,an 9dicator is a4$ 6! diagram title (
ea* multiple page3 ,fig4 #a-a ( #c2 ,fig4
#a-b ( #c2 & ,fig4 #a-c ( #c4 ,?
facilitates b9d+ & track+ (! %eets4 ,!
docu;t ,,id numb] rema9s ! same on all
?ree pages 2c !y repres5t ! same graphic4
--------------------------------------#ac

               ,v4 ,,>r[s             #ba

,>r[s frequ5tly a3ompany sci5tific &
te*nical pr9t illu/r,ns4 ,,taevis
illu/rators h develop$ /&>ds 6reliably &
3si/5tly pres5t ? 9=m,n 6tactile r1d]s4
,^! /&>ds >e illu/rat$ on draw+s ;,a-#jb
6;,a-#jd 9 ! ,app5dix4

  ,a4 ,,h1d
,! ,,taevis >r[h1d is a triangul> solid
black fill )a #ij;dg angle at ! tip &
wide base4 ,! ,,taevis /&>d >r[h1d
m1sures z foll[s3 #a/b0 base1 #c/h0
sides1 & #a/d0 9 hei<t f tip 6base4 ,!
maximum reduc;n = ? >r[h1d is #ge@3p4
,fur!r reduc;n (! >r[h1d cr1tes an >r[ t
is di6icult 64t+ui% f a l9e4 ,a detail$
draw+ (! ,,taevis /&>d >r[h1d is %[n on
,diagram ;,a-#jb 7,see ,app5dix74

  ,b4 ,,%aft
,:5 ! >r[ is an 9h]5t "p (! diagram !
%aft is a solid l9e4
  ,example3 ,! >r[ 2t ! reactants &!
product (a *emical reac;n             #bb
is an ess5tial "p (! diagram4 ,)\t ! >r[1
! diagram wd n repres5t a *emical reac;n4

,:5 ! >r[ is n an 9h]5t "p (! diagram1 !
%aft %d 2 a da%$ l9e4
  ,example3 ,an >r[ c 2 us$ 6hi<li<t !
4t.e 2t two po9ts on a pr9t graph4 ,! >r[
is help;l1 b ! 9=m,n 9 ! diagram cd / 2
"u/ood )\t x4 ,9 ? case ! >r[ is n
ess5tial 6! basic ele;ts (! diagram & wd
2 %[n )a da%$ %aft4

,! %aft (! >r[ m/ n 2 9t]rupt$ or brok5
0a
label or an 9t]sect+ l9e4

,! %aft c 2 ?ick 7:ile l1v+ at l1/ #a/h0
f %aft side 6! %\ld] po9t (! h1d71 ?9 7n
less ?an #a.e pt4 9 wid?71 &/or textur$4
,? is a subjective judg;t bas$ on !
orig9al pr9t diagram1 use ( o!r textures
9 ! tactile diagram1 &! ne$ = o!r l9es 9
! tactile diagram4 7,see ,,l9es1 ,sec;n
,,vii1 = m 9=m,n on l9e use47
                                      #bc
--------------------------------------#ad
  ,c4 ,,spac+
,if an >r[ m/ 2 locat$ )9 a textur$ or
fill$ >ea1 a :ite space ( #a/af0
7#j.jfbe0 or #a.e mm7 %d 2 cr1t$ >.d !
>r[4 ,? gives ! r1d] a cle> divi.n 2t !
>r[ & o!r >1s (! diagram4 7,see ,,textur$
,,fills1 ,sec;n ,,viii1 = m 9=m,n on fill
selec;n & use47

,! tip (! >r[h1d %d n t\* xs *os5 po9t on
! diagram1 b %d 2 locat$ #a/af0 7#j.jfbe0
or #a.e mm7 away f x4 ,if ! pr9t >r[
ext5ds 96! subject1 ! tactile diagram %d
2 modifi$ 6fit ^! /&>ds4
 
  ,d4 ,,labels
,labels %d n 9t]rupt ! >r[ %aft b %d 2
plac$ 2t ! >r[ &! $ge (! page4 ,labels %d
n 2 posi;n$ 2t ! object &! >r[4 ,! g5]al
rule foll[$ 0,,taevis illu/rators is
6place labels >.d ! p]imet] (! diagram4
7,see ,,labels1 ,sec;n ,,vi1 =a m -plete
4cus.n ( label cre,n & use47
                                      #bd
,labels %d 2 c5t]$ horizont,y al;g ! l5g?
or at ! base (! >r['s %aft4

,"s -put] design programs all[ ! us]
6easily & qkly align text 96a v]tical or
diagonal =mat4 ,? cr1tes 9t]e/ & v>iety
=! pr9t r1d]1 b brl r1d]s report t s*
*anges >e di6icult 6foll[ 9 tactile
diagrams4 ,9 response1 ,,taevis pres5ts
labels exclusively 9 ! horizontal =mat4

  ,e4 ,,simplify+
,:5 >r[s on ! orig9al pr9t diagram
9dicate a g5]al >ea v]sus a specific po9t
or small] >ea1 >r[ use may 2 re/rict$
6prev5t 3fu.n & clutt]4 ,>r[s c 2 replac$
) lrs or numb]s & li/$ 9 a key4 7,see
,,keys1 ,sec;n ;,x1 = m 9=m,n on _! use47
--------------------------------------#ae
             ,,vi4 ,,labels

  ,a4 ,,specific,ns
    #a4 ,codes
,bo? ,lit]>y ,grade ,,ii & ,neme? ,brl
,code >e us$ 6cr1te brl labels =      #be
tactile diagrams4 ,if a diagram w 2 b.d 9
a book1 ! illu/rator %d use ! same brl
code z ! transcrib]s h us$ =! book4 ,if a
diagram w /& al"o1 ! illu/rator w ne$
6select an appropriate code4 ,6make ?
deci.n1 ! illu/rator %d 3sid] o!r codes
us$ 9 ! class1 ! nature (! diagram1 &1 if
! /ud5t is "kn1 8 or h] r1d+ abilities4
    #b4 ,size & ,font
,pr9t labels c 2 reduc$ 9 size1 pr9t$ 9 a
4t9ct color1 plac$ ov] por;ns (! diagram1
& r5d]$ 9 a unique font4 ,^! op;ns >e
simply n availa# 6! tactile illu/rator4
,all brl text tags m/ use a #bd pt4 font
6produce /&>d brl dots on ! microcapsule
pap]4 ,z a result1 x is (t5 nec 6alt]
label loc,ns :5 cr1t+ a tactile v].n (!
illu/r,n4 ,alt],ns m/ 2 made ) c>e1 2c !
orig9al 9t5t (! pr9t diagram m/ 2 pres]v$
& 3vey$ 6! brl r1d]4

,brl labels >e plac$ 9 diagrams z text
blocks 9 ! ov]all graphic4 ,a scala# brl
font1 s* z ! "o provid$ )! ,duxbury ,brl
,translator1 c 2 us$ 6g5]ate brl      #bf
labels4 ,9 mo/ graphics programs1 ! >ti/
w h ! op;n ( select+ ! font = text boxes4
      
  #c4 ,transcrip;n
,labels c 2 transcrib$ manu,y or
electronic,y4 ,= simple labels1 x is
easie/ 6use ! ,,ascii keybo>d equival5ts
= brl symbols4 ,= 9/.e1 ! illu/rator c
simply type 1;c = ;,c 6repres5t a c>bon
atom 9 a *emical /ructure4 ,! ,duxbury
,brl ,translator or ! ,neme? filt] =
,sci5tific ,notebook c 2 us$ 6assi/ 9 !
transcrip;n ( m -plex labels4 ,! me?od w
v>y ac 6illu/rator pref];e &! mat]ial 6be
transcrib$4
--------------------------------------#af
    #d4 ,posi;n
,labels >e alw writt5 horizont,y n"e
v]tic,y4 ,!y >e posi;n$ 6cle>ly 9dicate !
ele;t !y >e label+4 ,:5"e possi#1 labels
%d 2 plac$ 9 a 3si/5t posi;n "?\t !
diagram4 ,= example1 labels mi<t 2 plac$
on ! left side (! illu/r,n1 >.d ! $ges (!
diagram page1 or 9side ea* >ea t is
label$4 ,! illu/rator m/ make a       #bg
judg;t t pres]ves ! m1n+ & 9tegr;y (!
orig9al draw+4 ,examples ( brl labels c 2
se5 "?\t ! ,app5dix4

  ,b4 ,,$it+
,descriptive labels may 2 sub/itut$ =
photographs1 draw+s1 etc4 9 situ,ns ": s*
sub/itu;ns d n alt] ! m1n+ (! orig9al
pr9t illu/r,n4
      ,examples
,! pr9t diagram (a physics book %[s a c>
  mov+ d[n an 9cl9e4 ,! /ud5t is ask$
  6calculate 4t.e & spe$4 ,! illu/rator c
  easily 3vey ! m1n+ 6! /ud5t 0us+ ! brl
  ^w 8c>0 9/1d ( draw+ a repres5t,n (!
  c>4
,an illu/r,n (! wat] cycle %[s a body (
  wat]1 a l& mass 7-plete ) f>ms &a c;y71
  cl\ds1 sun1 & ra94 ,all ( ? detail wd 2
  v 3fus+ :5 r5d]$ 9 brl4 ,! orig9al m1n+
  (! pr9t illu/r,n c 2 3vey$ 6! brl r1d]
  0us+ labels = ^! objects r ?an a
  detail$ draw+ ( ea*4
,a *emical *a9 3ta9s s"eal rep1ts (a s+le
  molecul> /ructure4 ,! illu/rator    #bh
  may draw "o or two sets (! basic
  /ructure & use a brl label 69dicate t !
  /ructure rep1ts4 7,see ,multiple
  ,pages1 ,sec;n ,,iv1 = 9=m,n on us+
  multiple pages 6r5d] -plex draw+s47

,! illu/rator c o3a.n,y sub/itute l[]case
lrs = capital lrs us$ 9 ! pr9t illu/r,n4
,illu/rators >e cau;n$ 6use extreme c>e 9
mak+ s* *anges 65sure t ! orig9al m1n+ (!
diagram is pres]v$4 ,x may 2 pref]a#
6divide ! draw+ 96multiple pages4 7,see
,multiple ,pages1 ,sec;n ,,iv47
      ,example
,! pr9t illu/r,n (a *emical /ructure is
  -plex &! tactile v].n wd 2 easi] 6r1d
  if x 7 all on "o page4 ,! 5tire
  /ructure w fit on "o page if !
  illu/rator uses l[]case lrs 9/1d (!
  upp]case lrs -monly us$ = *emical
  symbols 7i4e4 8he0 9/1d ( 8,he01 ;c
  9/1d ( ,c74 ,a significant am.t ( space
  wd 2 sav$ 0n us+ ! capital sign4 ,9 ?
  case ! illu/rator mi<t decide 9 favor (
  l[]case lrs4 ,if ! /ud5t is at an   #bi
  adv.ed level & if o!r diagrams >e
--------------------------------------#ag
  transcrib$ correctly1 ! /ud5t w note !
  *ange b ! m1n+ & 9t5t (! orig9al
  diagram w 2 pres]v$4 ,a transcrib]'s
  note 9 ! text %d 2 us$ 6cl>ify ! *ange4

  ,c4 ,,spac+
,! m9imum space p]mitt$ 2t a label &a
graphic ele;t is #a/af0 7#j.jfbe0 or
#a.e;mm74 ,if m ?an #a/b0 is requir$ 2t a
label &! ele;t or >ea x is label+ a l1d
l9e %d 2 us$ 6reta9 r1d] -preh5.n4
7,examples ( label spac+ c 2 se5 "?\t !
diagrams 9 ! ,app5dix47

  ,d4 ,,l1d ,,l9es
,l1d l9es 3nect labels 6a specific po9t
or >ea on ! diagram4 7,see ,diagrams ;,a-
#je1 & ;,a-#aj 9 ! ,app5dix = examples (
l1d l9es47 ,!y >e drawn us+ a #a.e pt4
da%$ l9e4 ,! l5g? ( l1d l9es v>ies z
requir$ 0! diagram lay\t4 ,h["e1 ! m9imum
l9e l5g? is #a/b0 7#j.ej0 or #ab.e;mm74
7,see ,,l9es1 ,sec;n ,,vii1 = m       #cj
9=m,n on l9e l5g?47 ,m9imum spac+ 2t a
l1d l9e & x's ele;t or label is #a/af0
7#j.jfbe0 or #a.e;mm74 ,>r[s >e n us$ z
label l1d l9es4

,! illu/rator %d use cau;n 6prev5t 3fus+
! r1d] )a l>ge numb] ( l1d l9es on a giv5
diagram4 ,:5 s"eal l9es >e requir$1 x may
2 bett] 6split ! draw+ 96multiple pages
us+ "o (! te*niques 4cuss$ 9 an e>li]
sec;n 7,see ,multiple ,pages1 ,sec;n
,,iv74 ,c>e;l place;t is nec 6prev5t
clutt] & ma9ta9 easy r1d+4

,space p]mitt+1 l1d l9es %d ext5d f ei !
f/ or la/ cell 9 ! label 6! designat$
ele;t or >ea4 ,? all[s a natural fl[ =!
r1d]4 ,:5 ! l1d l9e ext5ds f ! c5t] (a
^w1 ! r1d] m/ r1d ! ^w & !n return 6!
mi4le 2f foll[+ ! l9e4 ,? c 2 3fus+ if !
label is a l;g ^w4

  ,e4 ,,subh1d+ ,,labels
,a4i;nal labels us$ z subh1d+s 6describe
! diagram page z a :ole >e locat$     #ca
at ! top left corn]4 ,? is ! >ea j 2l !
dott$ h1d] l9e on ! /&>d ,,taevis lay\t4
7,see diagrams 9 ! ,app5dix = examples (
subh1d+s47
--------------------------------------#ah
              ,,vii4 ,,l9es

  ,a4 ,,v>iety
,a v>iety ( l9e types c 2 us$ 9 tactile
diagrams4 ,solid1 da%$1 & patt]n$ l9es >e
availa# on mo/ -put] graphics programs4
,9 ord] 6/&>dize ! draw+s & provide
3si/5cy =! r1d]1 ,,taevis uses f\r 4t9ct
l9es3 #a.e pt4 solid1 #d.j pt4 solid1
#a.e pt4 da%$ & #d.j pt4 da%$4 ,l9e *oice
is det]m9$ 0! pr9ciples 2l & 0!
illu/rator's [n judg;t4 ,! l9e type may
or may n h a correl,n ) l9es 9 ! pr9t
illu/r,n4 ,examples ( l9e use c 2 se5 9 !
diagrams locat$ 9 ! ,app5dix4

  ,b4 ,,l5g?
,m9imum l9e l5g? is #a/b0 7#j.e0 or
#ac;mm7 =a s+le l9e4 ,a %ort] l9e cd
easily 2 3fus$ )a brl "*4             #cb

  ,c4 ,,prior;y
,:5 ! pr9t diagram 3ta9s s"eal l9es1
?ick] wid?s 9dicate grt] import.e4 ,=
example1 a #d.j pt4 l9e 9dicates hi<]
import.e ?an a #a.e pt l9e & solids alw h
prior;y ov] da%$ l9es4 7,see ,diagram
;,a-#jf 9 ! ,app5dix = an example ( l9es
( less] & grt] import.e47

,an excep;n is made = multiple l9es on a
graph4 ,9 ? case1 ! l9es >e ( equal
import.e1 b m/ 2 drawn 4t9ctly s ! r1d] c
foll[ ea* quant;y 2+ %[n4 ,! l9es wd
4t+ui%$ f ea* o!r 0us+ di6]5t wid?s &
textures4 7,see ,diagrams ;,a-#jg &
;,a-#ae 9 ! ,app5dix = an examples (
multiple l9es 9 a graph47

  ,d4 ,,spac+
,:5 two or m l9es ( di6]5t import.e
9t]sect1 ! less] l9e %d 2 brok54 ,! m
important l9e %d h ! 8"r ( way0 & rema9
solid4 ,a small :ite space %d sep>ate !
l9es f ea* o!r at ! 9t]sec;n po9t4    #cc
,! :ite space %d m1sure #a/af0 7#j.jfbe0
or
#a.e mm7 on ea* side (! predom9ant l9e 2t
! two 9t]sect+ l9es4 7,see
--------------------------------------#ai
,diagram ;,a-#jf 9 ! ,app5dix = an
example ( spac+ >.d 9t]sect+ l9es47

,solid l9es h prior;y ov] da%$ l9es s9ce
da%$ l9es >e alr brok5 7i4e4 #a.e pt4
solid w h prior;y ov] #d.j pt4 da%$74

,:ite space at 9t]sect+ l9es may 2
4reg>d$ if ! space cr1tes 3fu.n =! r1d]
or if ! l9es >e ( equal import.e4 ,? mo/
(t5 happ5s :5 l9es 9t]sect at a ti<t
angle4 ,br1k+ "o (! l9es may make x
di6icult =! r1d] 6locate ! 3t9u+ por;n (
t l9e4 ,! brok5 l9e cd easily 2 mistak5 =
two sep>ate l9es4 ,9 a ,c>tesian 7;x1 ;y7
graph1 ! v]tices >e ( equal import.e1 s
bo? rema9 solid at ! 9t]sec;n4 7,see
,diagram ;,a-#jh 9 ! ,app5dix = an
example ( l9es 9t]sect+ at a small
angle47                               #cd
 
  ,e4 ,,"tsav+ ,,h9t
,diagram ;,a-#ag describes a graphic
%ortcut = cr1t+ br1ks at l9e ov]laps4 ,)!
copy+ func;n availa# on -put] graphics
programs1 a :ite l9e is cr1t$ t is an
exact duplicate (! orig9al4 ,por;ns (!
:ite l9e c 2 cut & laid ov] ! black l9e
6g5]ate a l9e br1k4 ,see ,diagram ;,a-#ag
=a -plete descrip;n (! process4
--------------------------------------#bj
        ,,viii4 ,,textur$ ,,fills

  ,a4 ,,v>iety
,a v>iety ( textures1 patt]ns & fills c 2
cr1t$ on mo/ -put] graphics programs4 ,^!
fills c 2 us$ 6cl>ify & denote items on a
tactile diagram4 ,s"eal (! fills us$
0,,taevis >e %[n on ,diagram ;,a-#ji 9 !
,app5dix4
 
  ,b4 ,,*oos+ ,a ,,texture
,! foll[+ factors %d 2 3sid]$ :5 *oos+
textur$ fills3
                                      #ce
    #a4 ,size
,! >ea m/ 2 l>ge 5 =! r1d] 6feel !
texture4 ,an extremely small >ea may 2
mistak5 =a brl dot or n r1d at all4

    #b4 ,adjac5t ,fill7s7
,simil> patt]ns c 2 3fus+ or n 4t+ui%a#1
especi,y 9 close proxim;y4 ,patt]ns t >e
9 adjo9+ >1s %d h 4t9ct feels4 7,see
,diagram ;,a-#ad 9 ! ,app5dix47

    #c4 ,direc;nal;y
,! select$ patt]n %d 2 4t+ui%$ z a fill &
n mistak5 = a4i;nal l9es4 ,= 9/.e1 a
v]tical patt]n$ fill 9 a n>r[ v]tical
space may 2 r1d z a4i;nal l9es & n z a
patt]n4 ,9 ? case1 a horizontal or dott$
patt]n wd 2 a bett] *oice4

    #d4 ,prior;y/,dom9.e
,dom9ant f1tures on ! orig9al pr9t$ image
%d 2 repres5t$ )! r\<e//co>se/ textures
on ! tactile diagram = emphasis4 ,less]
f1tures %d 2 repres5t$ ) smoo!r textures4
7,see ,diagram ;,a-#aa47              #cf
--------------------------------------#ba
    #e4 ,numb] ( ,fills
,a maximum ( five 4t9ctive textur$ fills
may 2 us$ p] tactile diagram4 ,if m ?an
five fills >e requir$1 ! illu/rator %d
3sid] br1k+ ! diagram 96multiple pages
us+ ! te*niques 4cuss$ 9 ,sec;n ,,iv4

    #f4 ,r1d] ,age/,exp]i;e
,a "y] or less exp]i;ed tactile r1d] may
n 2 a# 6-preh5d z _m textures p] diagram
z an old] or m exp]i;ed r1d]4

  ,c4 ,,cl>;y
,textur$ fills %d 2 us$ sp>+ly 9 tactile
graphics4 ,excessive use ( fills 9 a
diagram c cr1te l[ 3tra/ >1s ) 9dist9ct
bord]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 judici\s use (
fills c provide 3tra/1 hi<li<ts & 4t9c;ns
=! tactile r1d]4 ,-p>e ! use ( textur$
fills 9 ,diagrams ;,a-#je1 ;,a-#aj & ;,a-
#ad4 ,notice ! di6];es 9 cl>;y & 4t9c;n4

,:5 color is us$ z an id5tifi] 9 a pr9t
diagram1 ! same 9=m,n may 2 3vey$ 9   #cg
a tactile diagram 0us+ textur$ fills4 ,=
9/.e1 *emical draw+s use black 69dicate
c>bon atoms4 ,tactile diagrams c 3vey !
same 9=m,n "? 3si/5t use ( textures4

  ,d4 ,,:ite 7,,empty7
,:ite 7or empty7 is a fill t c 2 us$ q
lib],y4 ,:5 two >1s >e adjac5t1 !
illu/rator may feel t bo? spaces %d 2
textur$4 ,h["e1 ! diagram may 2 m easily
"u/ood if "o >ea is left empty4 ,! divi.n
2t a fill$ space & an empty space has a
hi<] 3tra/ =! r1d] ?an ! l9e 2t two
fills4 ,diagrams ;,a-#je & ;,a-#aa 9 !
,app5dix 3ta9s an example (! /rategic use
( :ite or empty space4 ,_h ! illu/rator
*os5 6fill all 5clos$ spaces 9 ,diagram
;,a-#je1 ! result wd h be5 clutt]$ &
3fus+ =! brl r1d]4
 
  ,e4 ,,3si/5cy
,once a textur$ fill has be5 select$1 x
%d 2 us$ 3si/5tly "? ! s]ies ( diagrams 9
t "picul> set or s]ies4 ,= 9/.e1 a dott$
patt]n may 2 us$ ea* "t ! he>t is     #ch
%[n 9 a s]ies ( biological draw+s4 ,!
r1d] c qkly recognize ! he>t on any
diagram 9 ! gr\p4
--------------------------------------#bb
  ,f4 ,,spac+
,a :ite m>g9 or space ( #a/af0 7#j.jfbe0
or #a.e mm7 %d sep>ate "o fill f an
adjac5t fill or l9e if ! l9e is small]
?an #d.j pt4 9 wid?4 ,ea* fill >ea %d 2
\tl9$ 0a solid l9e4

  ,g4 ,,fill ,,key
,ea* textur$ fill repres5ts 4t9ct 9=m,n4
,if "! is n 5 room on ! diagram 6label !
fill & provide nec 9=m,n1 a fill key may
2 nec4
 
,! fill key1 on a sep>ate %eet ( image
pap]1 w provide a small sample ( ea* fill
&a brl label /at+ :at x repres5ts4 ,=
example1 9 ! he>t fill m5;n$ abv 9 ,sec;n
;,c1 a key %d 3ta9 a small squ>e (! fill
patt]n al;g )! brl label 8he>t04 7,see
,,keys1 ,sec;n ;,x1 = m 9=m,n on mak+ &
us+ keys47                            #ci
--------------------------------------#bc
             ,,ix4 ,,graphs

  ,a4 ,,types ,,( ,,graphs
    #a4 ,b> ,graphs
,! b>s (a tactile b> graph %d all 2 !
same wid?4 ,textures >e pref]r$ =! b>s
ov] solid fills4

,! am.t ( space 2t b>s %d 2 set relative
6! lay\t (! orig9al pr9t diagram4 ,if nec
= tactile cl>;y1 & space p]mitt+1 4t.es c
2 modifi$ on ! tactile v].n4 ,! m9imum
space 2t b>s %d 2 #a/b0 7#j.e0 or
#ac;mm74 7,diagram ;,a-#ab 9 ! ,app5dix
is an example (a b> graph47

    #b4 ,c>tesian 7;,x1 ,y7 ,graphs
,c>tesian graphs 3si/ ( two axes :
9t]sect at "r angles =m+ f\r 9dividual
quadrants4 ,labels al;g ! horizontal1 or
;x-axis1 %d 2 plac$ opposite ! tick m>k &
2l ! axis l9e4 ,labels al;g ! v]tical or
;y-axis %d 2 plac$ 6ei ! left or "r (!
axis l9e & spac$ #a/h0 7#j.abe0 or    #dj
#c;mm7 f ! tick m>k4 7,diagram ;,a-#ac 9
! ,app5dix is an example (a ,c>tesian
graph47

    #c4 ,circle ,graphs 7or ,pie ,*>ts7
,textur$ fills ) an a3ompany+ label or
key >e ! pref]r$ =mat = circle graphs 9
brl4 ,if "! is a l>ge am.t ( text 9=m,n1
a sep>ate page may 2 requir$ =a key or !
9=m,n may ne$ 6be provid$ 9 ! text z a
transcrib]'s note4 ,) %ort pr9t labels1 a
brl text label on ! diagram w 2 adequate4
7,diagram ;,a-#ad is an example (a circle
graph4 ,see ,,keys1 ,sec;n ;,x1 = m 9=m,n
on keys47

,labels c 2 locat$ ei on ! \tside or
9side 7dep5d+ on availa# space7 ( ea*
8w$ge0 (! pie4 ,label place;t %d 2 3si/5t
= all sec;ns (! diagram4 7,see ,,labels1
,sec;n ,,vi1 = m 9=m,n on brl labels47
------------------------------------- #bd
    #d4 ,l9e ,graphs
,9 l9e graphs1 l9es >e us$ 63nect data
po9ts4 ,! result (t5 %[s a tr5d or    #da
a spike 9 ! data4 ,multiple l9es c 2 us$
6illu/rate di6]5t sets ( data &! rel,n%ip
2t !m4

,s9ce ! graph l9es h ! hi<e/ import.e 9 a
l9e graph1 !y >e drawn ?ick] ?an ! grid
l9es (! backgr.d4 ,! grid l9es c 2 brok5
:ile ! graph l9es h ! 8"r ( way0 & rema9
unbrok54 7,see ,,l9es1 ,sec;n ,,vii1 = m
9=m,n on l9e 9t]sec;ns47

,ea* graph l9e %d 2 a di6]5t wid? &/or
texture4 ,if a grid is us$1 a #a/af0
7#j.jfbe0 or #a.e mm7 :ite space sep>ates
! graph l9e7s7 f ! grid l9es4 7,diagram
;,a-#af 9 ! ,app5dix is an example (a l9e
graph47

    #e4 ,pictographs
,9 a pictograph1 repres5tative pictures
>e us$ 6%[ /ati/ics or data po9ts4
,num]ical values & patt]n+ >e important1
n ! detail$ a3uracy (! pictures repres5t+
! 9=m,n4 ,"!=e1 easily id5tifia# symbols
s* z circles1 squ>es1 triangles1      #db
etc4 may replace ! detail$ pictures on a
pictograph4

,! 9=m,n repres5t$ 0! pictograph may al 2
3v]t$ 6a b> graph or a l9e graph4

  ,b4 ,,graph+ ,,ele;ts
    #a4 ,v]tices
,! v]tices 7horizontal & v]tical axes7 %d
2 #a.e pt4 solid l9es1 9 3tra/ 6! 3t5ts
(! graph4 ,s9ce ! v]tices >e ( equal
import.e1 bo? l9es >e solid at ! 9t]sec;n
po9t4

,! horizontal or 8;x-axis0 %d 2 label$
ev5 ) 76! "r71 or 2l ! axis l9e1 dep5d+
on ! 3t5t (! graph4 ,! label may 2 ev5 )!
axis l9e 7=a num]ical label7 or c5t]$ 2l
! axis 7=a text label74 7,see ,,labels1
,sec;n ,,vi1 = m 9=m,n on brl labels47

,! v]tical or 8;y-axis0 %d 2 label$ abv
or 6! upp] left (! axis l9e4 7,diagram
;,a-#ac 9 ! ,app5dix %[s 9t]sect+
v]tices47                             #dc
    #b4 ,tick ,l9es 7or ,m1sure;t ,l9es7
,tick l9es >e l9e seg;ts t divide !
v]tices 96equ,y m1sur$ "ps4 ,tick l9es c
2 9dividual m>ks1 or !y may al 2 an
ext5.n (a grid
--------------------------------------#be
us$ 9 ! backgr.d (! graph4 ,tick l9es %d
2 #a.e pt4 9 wid?1 ! same wid? z !
v]tices t !y divide4 ,! v]tices & tick
l9es >e ( equal import.e 6! graph1 s bo?
ele;ts rema9 solid at ! 9t]sec;n4
7,diagram ;,a-#ac 9 ! ,app5dix %[s axes )
tick l9es47

,tick l9es may 2 ( equal or unequal
l5g?s4 ,an example ( unequal m>ks wd 2 a
graph t has l;g tick l9es = #ajj1 #bjj1
#cjj1 etc41 & %ort tick l9es = #aej1
#bej1 etc4 ,! l;g/%ort patt]n ( tick l9es
on a tactile diagram m/ foll[ ! patt]n 9
! pr9t diagram4

,tick l9es %d 2 c5t]$ acr ! horizontal or
v]tical axes4 ,if ! pr9t graph %[s ! tick
m>ks ext5d+ only on "o side (!        #dd
axis1 ! illu/rator %d modify !m 9 !
tactile v].n4

,labels al;g ! horizontal or ;x-axis %d 2
plac$ 2l ! axis l9e & align$ )! tick m>k4
,labels may 2 8/a7]$0 9 a regul> sequ;e
al;g ! axes ": "! is n su6ici5t space
6place !m on "o l9e4 7,diagram
;,a-#ab 9 ! ,app5dix %[s /a7]$ axis
labels47

,labels al;g ! v]tical or ;y-axis %d 2
plac$ 2t ! axis &! left page m>g94 ,!
label %d 2 align$ )! tick m>k x
describes4 ,! la/ cell ( ea* label %d 2
align$ al;g an imag9>y v]tical l9e &
spac$ #a/h0 7#j.abe0 or #c;mm7 f ! tick
m>k4

,": "! is n 5 space 6a3ommodate a label =
ea* tick m>k1 ! illu/rator may modify !
label sequ;e 6! availa# space4 ,= 9/.e1 !
illu/rator mi<t label only ! tick m>ks =
t5 units 7#aj1 #bj1 #cj1 etc47 & n ^? =
five units 7#e1 #ae1 #be1 etc474      #de
,if possi#1 ! tick m>ks %d rema9 on !
graph )\t labels4 ,s9ce ? *ange has !
possibil;y ( alt]+ ! funda;tal nature (!
graph1 ! illu/rator %d make alt],ns only
9 extreme situ,ns &) an "u/&+ (! mat]ial
t is 2+ %[n on ! graph4

    #c4 ,grids
,a grid is a net"w ( ev5ly spac$
horizontal & v]tical l9es t all[ ! r1d]
6easily locate specific po9ts4 ,! l9es (a
tactile grid %d 2 drawn small] ?an !
graph l9es 6prev5t 3fu.n4 ,! grid l9es %d
br1k :5 ! graph l9e1 ! l9e ( hi<]
import.e1 passes ov] !m4 7,see ,,l9es1
,sec;n ,,vi =a 4cus.n ( l9e br1ks47

,tick l9es m/ 2 sep>at$ 0a m9imum space (
#a/b0 7#j.ej0 or #ac;mm74 ,! illu/rator
may ne$ 65l>ge ! graph or limit ! use (
labels 6a3ommodate ? require;t4 7,see
8,": "! is n 5 space'''0 abv47
--------------------------------------#bf
,g5],y1 ,,taevis does n 9clude grids on
tactile graphs un.s specific po9ts    #df
>e unlabel$ & m/ 2 locat$ 0! r1d]4

    #d4 ,plot ,po9ts
,if plott$ po9ts >e 4play$ on l9es or
grids1 a :ite space ( #a/af0 7#j.jfbe0 or
#a.e;mm7 %d 2 left 2t ! l9es &! po9t4
,po9t labels %d 2 posi;n$ 2t ! po9t &!
page m>g9 :5 space all[s4 7,see ,diagram
;,a-#ac 9 ! ,app5dix = an example (a plot
po9t label47
--------------------------------------#bg
               ,x4 ,,keys

  ,a4 ,,use
,a key c 2 us$ :5"e labels ne$ 6be
simplifi$ on a draw+4 ,? may happ5 :5 !
pr9t labels >e l;g1 :5 ! diagram is
-plex1 or :5 a tactile illu/rator judges
t ! labels >e cr1t+ excessive clutt] &
3fu.n4 7,diagram ;,a-#af is an example (a
diagram ) an a3ompany+ key47

,6make a key1 ! illu/rator %d select an
appropriate lr+1 numb]+1 or symbol sy/em
6repres5t l;g] labels on ! diagram4   #dg
,! label %d 2 li/$ on a second diagram
page or z a text transcrib]'s note )!
full label4

,examples
,:5 draw+ a map (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !
  illu/rator may use ! two-lr a2revi,n =
  ea* /ate 6save space or reduce clutt]4
  ,! a2revi,n &! full "n (! /ate wd 2
  li/$ 9 an a3ompany+ key4
,9 a draw+ (! human skeleton1 !
  illu/rator cd numb] ! major b"os & li/
  ! numb] & "n on a key4 ,! foot wd 2
  numb]$ 8#d0 on ! diagram4 ,bo? ! numb]1
  8#d01 &! full "n1 8metat>sals01 wd 2
  li/$ on ! key4

,9 bo? examples abv1 x is easi] =!
illu/rator 69s]t ! %ort symbol &! draw+
rema9s unclutt]$4 ,if ! r1d] ne$s m
detail$ 9=m,n1 a multiple page =mat cd 2
us$ z 4cuss$ 9 ,sec;n ,,iv4

  ,b4 ,,=mat
,! key may 2 ei a horizontal          #dh
7l&scape7 or v]tical 7portrait7 page =mat
ac 6! space ne$$ =! l5g? (! key4
 
,a key is id5tifi$ 9 ! brl title ": x w 2
/at$ z 8key ( ----04 ,if a diagram is m
?an "o page1 ! key %d specify : page is
ref];ed4
 
,on a ,,taevis diagram1 ! title (a
diagram is %[n 9 brl 9 ! top left corn]
(! page abv ! dott$ h1d] l9e4 ,! ^w
8,key0 is us$ z a subh1d+ label flu% left
#a/h0 7#j.abe0 or #c;mm7 2l ! dott$ h1d]
l9e4
--------------------------------------#bh
7,see ,diagram ;,a-#af = an example (
correct title place;t :5 a key is us$47

,! body (! key 2g9s on ! l9e immly foll[+
! 8,key0 subh1d+4 ,! body %d 2g9 flu%
left 9 cell #a1 foll[$ 0"o blank cell
7space7 !n ! appropriate illu/r,n tag4
,all runov]s ( ea* key item m/ 2g9 9 !
?ird cell f ! left m>g94
                                      #di
,:5 nec = cl>ific,n1 textur$ fill samples
&/or symbols may 2 9corporat$ 96! key4 ,!
fill sample %d 2 9dicat$ 0an \tl9$
rectangle (! texture t is at l1/ #a/b0 ;x
#a/b04 ,! equival5t ( "o cell space %d 2
left 2t ! sample &! explan,n or
descrip;n4 7,see ,sec;n ,,vii = m 9=m,n
on textur$ fills47

,if bo? text items 7lrs &/or numb]s7 &
graphic ele;t 7textures &/or symbols7 >e
requir$ 9 ! same key1 2 sure 6keep !m
gr\p$ acly4 ,= example1 li/ all text
items f/ foll[$ 0! graphic ele;ts !n !
numb]s4

  ,c4 ,,label+
,key labels %d 2 limit$ 6two-cells &
pres5t$ 9 alphabetical or num]ical ord]1
dep5d+ on ! 3t5t (! diagram4
,alphabetical keys %d 2 li/$ 9
alphabetical ord] & num]ical keys 9
num]ical ord]4 7,see ,sec;n ,,vi = m
9=m,n on labels47
                                      #ej
,x is pref]a# 6use key labels t >e
logic,y relat$ 6! pr9t tags1 :e!r or n ^!
labels correspond 6%ort-=m ^ws4 ,b1
s+le-lr &/or numb] keys may al 2 assign$4
,= cl>;y1 ea* s+le-lr key m/ 2 foll[$ 0a
brl p]iod4

,d n use ! lr 9dicator 2f alphabetical
keys ev5 :5 a lr -b9,n corresponds 6a brl
%ort-=m ^w4 ,! numb] 9dicator m/ prec$e
ea* numb] key1 : m/ 2 brld )\t a p]iod4
 
  ,d4 ,,place;t
,! key is g5],y plac$ on a sep>ate page
directly prec$+ & fac+ ! tactile diagram
x corresponds to 7i4e4 b.d on ! 9side or
"r page $ge74 ,if ! key 3si/s ( m ?an "o
page1 ! a4i;nal pages %d 2 b.d sequ5ti,y
af ! f/ key page4

,! key may 2 plac$ on ! same page z !
tactile diagram only if x 3ta9s a few
items & "! is adequate room 69clude x4
--------------------------------------#bi
        ,,xi4 ,app5dix ( ,diagram     #ea
                ,examples

,all diagrams %[n 9 ! ,app5dix h be5
reduc$ 0#aj@3p 6fit on ! manual pages4

;,a-#ja ,/&>d ,l&scape ,template
;,a-#jb ,,taevis ,>r[h1ds
;,a-#jc ,>r[ ,%afts
;,a-#jd ,>r[ ,spac+
;,a-#je ,label ,l1d ,l9e ,spac+
;,a-#jf ,l9e ,spac+ & ,prior;y =
,9t]sect+
  ,l9es
;,a-#jg ,9t]sect+ ,l9es ( ,equal
,import.e
;,a-#jh ,l9es ,9t]sect+ at ,small ,angle
;,a-#ji ,,taevis ,textures
;,a-#aj ,texture ,spac+
;,a-#aa ,/rategic ,use ( ,:ite
;,a-#ab ,b> ,graph
;,a-#ac ,c>tesian ,graph
;,a-#ad ,circle ,graph/,pie ,*>t
;,a-#ae ,l9e ,graph
;,a-#af ,diagram & ,a3ompany+ ,key
;,a-#ag ,l9e ,prior;y ,space--        #eb
,"tsav+
  ,h9t
;,a-#ah ,simplify+