US company clarifies controversial stem cell study

US company clarifies controversial stem cell study
Wed Nov 22, 2006 5:18 PM ET

By Maggie Fox, Health and Science Editor

WASHINGTON, Nov 22 (Reuters) - A company scolded in Congress and criticized by religious groups for an experiment involving human embryonic stem cells clarified its work on Wednesday and said it had demonstrated an acceptable alternative to producing the controversial cells.

Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts published additional details that showed the work had yielded human embryonic stem cells without the need to harm any embryos, although several embryos were destroyed in this particular experiment.

“We’ve done this experiment several times now, and the embryos remain frozen in liquid nitrogen. We plan to maintain them just like they do with leftover embryos at IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics,” said Dr. Robert Lanza, chief scientist at the company.

The journal Nature published the extra details, along with a commentary calling the experiment both an advance and a potential way around objections to working with human embryonic stem cells.

Such stem cells are considered enormously powerful, because they might one day be used to regenerate body parts to treat diabetes, cancer or other conditions.

But opponents say it is unethical to experiment on human embryos. In July, U.S. President George W. Bush vetoed an expansion of federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research.

In August, Lanza’s team published their study showing they had used a method already employed in fertility treatments to remove one cell from a human embryo without harming it.

When an embryo has just eight to 10 cells, one cell can be removed without harming it, and the rest can be implanted into a mother’s womb to develop. Embryonic stem cells are usually taken from a later-stage embryo and the process destroys it.

BYPASSING OBJECTIONS

Lanza’s team presented their work as a way to bypass objections to the research, but critics, including Richard Doerflinger of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, denounced it.

And supporters in the U.S. Congress also criticized the work, saying the company had done harm to its own case.

Lanza said he hoped publishing the details would clear up any discrepancies that critics had raised.

Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, an expert on stem cells and human obstetrics at the Baylor College of Medicine in Texas, said the company had demonstrated that it could get stem cells without destroying embryos. “They clearly did it,” he said.

“We need to get stem cells. We need to get them in the most efficacious manner,” Simpson added in a telephone interview.

Simpson wrote a commentary on the work in Nature in which he said he believed most of society would eventually accept human embryonic stem cell research.

“People always oppose these kinds of technical advances at first,” he said.

The method Lanza used is called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and it is used when a would-be parent carries a genetic disease and wants to conceive a child without it.

Egg and sperm are united in a lab dish and if an embryo starts growing, one cell is removed and tested for the genetic defect. If it is missing, the embryo is then implanted in a woman’s uterus to develop normally.

Lanza hopes cells removed using this method could be used to create batches, or lines, of stem cells.

“We’re also working with a couple of teams to do this in the clinical setting in conjunction with PGD,” he said.

“But one of our first goals is to apply for an NIH (National Institutes of Health) grant with our collaborators to see if the government is willing to fund researchers using stem cell lines generated without destroying the embryo.

Journal Clarifies Report on a Stem Cell Finding - www.NYT.com

Journal Clarifies Report on a Stem Cell Finding
By NICHOLAS WADE
Published: November 23, 2006

The scientific journal Nature has issued a clarification of a recent report that human embryonic stem cells can be derived without harm to the embryo, but has affirmed the report’s validity.

The finding, by Dr. Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell Technology’s laboratory in Worcester, Mass., caused a stir when Nature published it online in August, because under current methods, the generating of such cells entails destroying the embryo. The paper would seem, then, to undercut the argument of opponents of embryonic stem cell research that the work requires the loss of a potential human life.

Dr. Lanza’s approach is made possible by preimplantation genetic diagnosis, a test sometimes used in fertility clinics whereby one cell is removed to test for abnormalities when the embryo has reached the eight-cell stage. This does no apparent harm to the embryo, which, if the testing finds it normal, is then implanted with its seven remaining cells. The process has resulted in the birth of apparently healthy children.

Dr. Lanza found that one such cell, or blastomere, could generate embryonic stem cells. His article is being published again by Nature — online yesterday and in the printed journal today — along with itemized changes in the text and an addendum by him and his colleagues.

The changes address issues that were misunderstood or misstated earlier, as in a press release issued by Nature. These included the fact that although Dr. Lanza said others could use his method to avoid destroying embryos, he himself had destroyed those used in his experiments by using many cells from each. Had he taken just one cell from each of a number of eight-cell embryos, many more embryos would have been needed.

Ritu Dhand, Nature’s chief biology editor, said the sole purpose of the clarification was to make the article easier to understand. “There was nothing either scientifically or technically wrong with the paper,” Dr. Dhand said. The journal has had the article reviewed by experts a second time, she said, “just to be sure that everything was as it should be.”

It is too soon for other laboratories to have repeated Dr. Lanza’s work, the acid test of scientific findings.

Richard M. Doerflinger, a spokesman for the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, said the ability to derive stem cells from a single blastomere was still unproved.

New affaire regarding Stem Cells - Le Monde

Une nouvelle affaire sur les cellules souches
LE MONDE | 23.11.06 | 15h07 • Mis à jour le 23.11.06 | 15h07
Quel crédit faut-il accorder au sérieux des travaux publiés dans les revues scientifiques de réputation internationale et à leurs capacités d’expertise ? Une totale confiance dans la majorité des cas. Reste que les recherches sur le clonage et les cellules souches ont été entachées de trop de fraudes et d’erreurs. Après l’affaire du biologiste sud-coréen Hwang Woo-suk, c’est l’Américain Robert Lanza qui doit faire amende honorable, moins pour fraude scientifique que pour mensonge et inexactitudes.
Il y a trois mois la revue britannique Nature publiait un article signé d’un groupe de biologistes de la société américaine Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), dirigé par Robert Lanza. Cette équipe annonçait qu’elle avait mis au point une technique permettant d’obtenir des lignées de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines à partir d’une seule cellule prélevée dans un embryon de dix cellules fécondé in vitro. Et ce, sans détruire l’embryon utilisé, ce qui n’est habituellement pas le cas.

Cette publication eut, alors, un très large écho, car elle ruinait le principal argument des opposants à l’utilisation des cellules souches embryonnaires pour qui la destruction de l’embryon ne peut être acceptée, fût-ce à des fins thérapeutiques. Or, l’équipe de Robert Lanza reconnaît, mercredi 22 novembre, dans Nature ne pas avoir exactement réussi cette première. La revue publie donc une version corrigée de l’étude publiée le 23 août.

Le docteur Lanza et ses collaborateurs expliquent, aujourd’hui, qu’ils ont prélevé non pas une, mais bien plusieurs cellules sur chacun des seize embryons qui leur avaient été offerts par des centres de lutte contre la stérilité. A partir de ce matériau, ils ont bien produit des lignées de cellules souches, mais les embryons ont été détruits du fait de ces manipulations. En d’autres termes, cette équipe n’est en rien parvenue à réaliser le progrès dont elle se targuait il y a trois mois.
CE N’EST PAS LA PREMIÈRE FOIS
Dans l’addenda publié par Nature, les chercheurs d’ACT reconnaissent avoir seulement cherché à prouver qu’il était en principe possible de créer des lignées à partir d’une seule cellule prélevée sur un embryon qui en contenait entre huit et dix. Mais, “pour réduire le nombre d’embryons utilisés”, ils ont renoncé à leur objectif initial tout en laissant entendre qu’ils l’avaient atteint.

Pour quelles raisons ? La revue française La Recherche rappelle, dans son numéro de novembre, les “énormes enjeux économiques” de ce secteur et souligne que celui qui réussira à produire des cellules souches labélisées éthiques “gagnera le jackpot”. En appui à ses dires, le mensuel relève que quelques heures avant la publication, le 23 août, de l’article des chercheurs d’ACT “la valeur des actions de la société avait quadruplé.”

Ce n’est pas la première fois que le docteur Lanza et ACT annoncent un progrès qui ne se confirme pas. Fin 2001, les mêmes ont affirmé avoir créé - grâce au clonage thérapeutique - trois embryons humains qui se seraient développés jusqu’à être formés de six cellules. Cinq ans plus tard, cette “première” n’a jamais pu être reproduite.

Jean-Yves Nau
Deux cas récents

Le procès Hwang : le professeur Hwang Woo-suk (Université de Séoul, Corée du Sud) est actuellement jugé pour avoir falsifié les résultats de deux expériences sur une technique nouvelle permettant la création d’embryons humains par clonage et l’obtention de lignées de cellules souches. Les articles relatant ces travaux dans la revue américaine Science ont été retirés en janvier 2006.

La polémique Dolly : le Britannique Ian Wilmut, considéré depuis des années comme le père de Dolly, premier mammifère cloné en 1997, a reconnu devant un tribunal, en mars 2006, qu’il n’était pas le principal créateur de la brebis. Il était pourtant le premier signataire de l’article publié alors par Nature.

Article paru dans l’édition du 24.11.06

Euthanasia in Spain

Le FIGARO - www.figaro.fr
International
Publié le 23 novembre 2006 à 17h09
Euthanasie: un Espagnol poignarde sa femme
Un homme de 88 ans a mortellement poignardé sa femme afin de l’aider à mourir.
L’épouse malade avait auparavant tenté de se suicider, en vain.

(Avec AP).

Patenting People - papers online

CONFERENCE “Patenting People”

November 12-13, 2006

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
55 Fifth Ave. (at 12th St.), New York, NY 10003
Info: www.patentingpeople.com

The American Journal of Bioethics

November 17, 2006 - Volume No. 46
———————————————

[INFOCUS]

Race, Pharmacogenomics, and Marketing: Putting BiDil in Context
by Jonathan Kahn
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_article.php?aid=1069&display=extract

[HEADLINES]

China Sets Up Rules to Combat Scientific Misconduct
11 Nov 2006 - China has drawn up a set of rules to tackle scientific
misconduct among scientists working on state-funded science programmes.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3201

Neonatal Medicine - The Moral Maze
11 Nov 2006 - Recently, technological advances have allowed premature
children born as early as 23 weeks to survive. Most of these children,
however, go on to live with severe disabilities, raising questions over
whether doctors should intervene in the first place.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3202

What’s Wrong With a Child? Psychiatrists Often Disagree
11 Nov 2006 - At a time when increasing numbers of children are being
treated for psychiatric problems, naming those problems remains more an
art than a science.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3203

Are Military Service, Lou Gehrig’s Disease Linked?
11 Nov 2006 - Military service, particularly in the Gulf War, may be
linked to development of Lou Gehrig’s disease, the Institute of Medicine
said Friday.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3204

FDA May Change Handling of Safety Issues
11 Nov 2006 - The Food and Drug Administration plans to revamp how it
handles safety issues with the stents, pacemakers, implantable
defibrillators and other medical devices it regulates.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3205

Are We Prescribing HIV Drugs Properly?
12 Nov 2006 - In cash-starved regions of the world, deciding who should
get anti-retroviral drugs for HIV is a tough call. Now it seems that
one of the main tools for making that decision may be less reliable than
it appeared.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3206

Breast Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment, And … Then What?
12 Nov 2006 - For some breast-cancer survivors, the scariest day of
their lives isn’t when they get the diagnosis — it’s when they finish
treatment.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3207

Stem Cell Cure Hope for Diabetes
12 Nov 2006 - Scientists have used stem cells from human bone marrow to
repair defective insulin-producing pancreatic cells responsible for
diabetes in mice.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3208

Haunted by a Nazi Legacy
12 Nov 2006 - Genetic research was carried to grotesque extremes during
the years of the Third Reich, leading postwar Germany to place all
kinds of restrictions on the science. Now, German scientists are asking the
government to liberalize these laws so they can keep up with advancing
stem-cell research.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3209

‘Googling’ Could Help Doctor’s Diagnoses
12 Nov 2006 - Every hypochondriac with web access has done it: tried to
diagnose their symptoms using Google. In the hands of amateurs, this
may do more harm than good, but could the search engine be a useful tool
for the professionals?
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3210

Boy’s Death at China Hospital Spurs Riot Over Care and Fees
13 Nov 2006 - Some 2,000 people ransacked a hospital in southwestern
China in a dispute over medical fees and shoddy health care practices.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3211

Hunger The Next Big Enemy in War on AIDS
13 Nov 2006 - Starvation and malnutrition are fast becoming the twin
perils of the AIDS fight, and doctors and health experts say millions of
infected people in the developing world are rapidly approaching a
tipping point where food will replace drugs as the biggest need.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3212

Test to Expose Sports Drug Cheats
13 Nov 2006 - Scientists have found a way to detect use of a banned
performance-enhancing drug by athletes for the first time.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3214

For Smokers, a Tough Call on Screening
14 Nov 2006 - CT scans can detect lung cancer at its earliest and most
curable stage. But a recent study fails to answer a fundamental
question: Does screening extend lives or merely find cancer earlier?
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3216

U.S. Has Too Many Flu Shots This Year
14 Nov 2006 - U.S. health officials said Monday they are worried that
an abundance of unused flu vaccine this year may lead to millions of
doses being thrown out, discouraging manufacturers from making as much in
the future.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3217

Tamiflu Linked to Abnormal Behavior
14 Nov 2006 - The maker of the antiviral medication Tamiflu issued a
new warning for the flu drug Monday, saying patients must be closely
monitored for potential psychiatric problems, including delirium and
suicide.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3218

The New Federalism in Life Sciences Policy
14 Nov 2006 - Lately, individual states have become more interested in
the ramifications of life sciences research and more assertive in
forming policies that affect it.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3220

Generic Biotech Drugs Backed
15 Nov 2006 - Democratic control of Congress — gained through dramatic
victories this week — is expected to lead to legislation allowing
generic versions of popular biotech drugs, lowering their costs.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3229

Study Questions Angioplasty Use in Some Patients
15 Nov 2006 - Doctors should stop trying to open arteries in people who
had heart attacks days or weeks before and who are stable and free of
chest pain, researchers say.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3221

PSA Screening Rates for Elderly Men Found Too High
15 Nov 2006 - Older men with limited life expectancies are getting
screened much too often for prostate cancer, given the potential harm that
may follow a positive test versus the likelihood of benefit.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3222

22-Week Babies ‘Should Not Be Resuscitated’
15 Nov 2006 - Premature babies born after only 22 weeks in the womb or
earlier should not be routinely resuscitated, according to suggested
guidelines published by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3224

Stem Cells Reverse Muscular Dystrophy
15 Nov 2006 - Stem cells have helped dogs with muscular dystrophy to
walk again. Doctors hope a similar approach in humans could lead to more
complete improvement than other leading contenders for a cure.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3227

Doctor Ordered to Pay for Unwanted Baby
15 Nov 2006 - A court ruling which ordered a gynecologist to pay child
support for up to 18 years as compensation for botching a contraceptive
implant was condemned by the German media as scandalous on Wednesday.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3230

Heart Valves Grown From Womb Fluid Cells
16 Nov 2006 - Scientists for the first time have grown human heart
valves using stem cells from the fluid that cushions babies in the womb,
offering a revolutionary approach that may be used to repair defective
hearts in the future.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3234

Critics Condemn ‘23-Week’ Premature Baby Ban
16 Nov 2006 - The medical world was divided yesterday over a British
report calling for extremely premature babies born before 23 weeks
gestation to be denied intensive care and allowed to die.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3235

Congress Passes Animal Terrorism Bill
16 Nov 2006 - Legislation gives additional legal protection to
scientists and companies that provide services and support for animal research.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3237

One in Three Babies Is Unplanned
17 Nov 2006 - One in three babies is conceived by mistake, the result
of missed pills and split condoms, according to a large-scale study
which questions whether women have the control over their lives that modern
contraception promised them.
http://www.bioethics.net/News/?id=3240

Vers une commercialisation sous conditions des cellules souches humaines

Vers une commercialisation sous conditions des cellules souches humaines
LE MONDE | 17.11.06 | 14h39 • Mis à jour le 17.11.06 | 14h39
Il doit être possible, sous certaines conditions très précises, de commercialiser des cellules souches humaines destinées à la recherche ou à un traitement. Telle est la principale conclusion d’un travail commencé il y a deux ans et rendu public, jeudi 16 novembre, par les responsables du Comité consultatif national d’éthique (CCNE).
Cette conclusion vaut tant pour les cellules souches prélevées sur une personne que pour celles qui sont obtenues à partir de la destruction d’embryons humains. Il s’agit là d’une évolution majeure de la réflexion éthique en France, dans la mesure où l’ensemble du dispositif législatif national dans ce domaine repose jusqu’à présent sur le concept de “non-patrimonialité” du corps humain, qui veut que l’on ne puisse pas faire commerce des éléments constitutifs de son propre corps.
Le CCNE avait été saisi de cette question par le professeur Laurent Degos, spécialiste d’hématologie à l’hôpital Saint-Louis de Paris, aujourd’hui président de la Haute Autorité de santé. Les conclusions de ces travaux ont été présentés par Monique Canto-Sperber, vice-présidente du CCNE et rapporteur de cet avis.
“Nous n’apportons pas ici de réponse univoque, a-t-elle indiqué. Nous estimons qu’une lignée de cellules souches humaines ne peut pas, en tant que telle, faire l’objet d’une commercialisation, pas plus que la chose n’est possible pour les cellules sanguines. En revanche, nous concluons qu’une certaine forme de commercialisation est possible, une commercialisation qui ne prendrait en compte que le coût de l’ingénierie, mais qui respecterait le principe selon lequel le don de tout ou partie de son corps ne peut se faire que gratuitement, avec un consentement libre et informé.”
Le CCNE se prononce donc en faveur d’une rémunération des opérations et transformations qui suivent le prélèvement, ainsi que d’une possible commercialisation du produit transformé. Les membres du comité reconnaissent toutefois qu’il leur paraît “absolument impossible” de définir le stade à partir duquel les cellules souches perdraient, du fait des conditions de culture ou de certaines manipulations, le statut d’”élément du corps” pour acquérir celui de “produit”.
“FIXER DES BALISES”
La position du CCNE n’a pas fait l’unanimité. Trois de ses membres ont fait part de leur désapprobation : le Père Olivier de Dinechin, représentant des familles spirituelles, Philippe Rouvillois, président honoraire de l’Institut Pasteur, et Marie-Thérèse Hermange, nommée par le Sénat, qui a affirmé son “opposition” à toute forme de commercialisation.
Tout en reconnaissant que le risque de dérive commerciale existe, les auteurs de cet avis estiment que les conditions strictes imposées par la loi pour obtenir ces cellules devraient le limiter. Pour Didier Sicard, président du CCNE, l’important est de “fixer des balises”.
On assiste déjà, de plus en plus fréquemment, à l’ouverture de brèches dans le principe de non-commercialisation des éléments du corps humain. Certains produits thérapeutiques issus du don de sang disposent ainsi du statut de médicament et sont présents sur le marché international, la France participant à ce commerce tout en maintenant le principe de la gratuité du don du sang.
De même, la directive européenne du 6 juillet 1998 autorise, sous certaines réserves, la brevetabilité de lignées de cellules embryonnaires humaines, au motif qu’elles ne sont plus des embryons. “Certes, la France n’a pas ratifié totalement cette directive européenne, (…) mais cette position française est toujours menacée d’une sanction par Bruxelles”, rappelle le CCNE.
Jean-Yves Nau

Références
Cellules souches. Le vif intérêt porté à ces cellules tient au fait qu’elles peuvent, dans certaines conditions, donner naissance à toutes les cellules des tissus qui constituent l’organisme humain. Elles font donc depuis quelques années l’objet de multiples recherches à visée thérapeutique dans le cadre de la lutte contre différentes affections dégénératives.
Mode d’obtention. Ces cellules peuvent être obtenues de quatre manières différentes : à partir d’un embryon fécondé in vitro âgé de 4 à 5 jours ; à partir d’un foetus avorté ; à la naissance, via le sang de cordon ombilical ; ou à partir de différents tissus des organismes adultes.

Article paru dans l’édition du 18.11.06

Workshop on EUTHANASIA - Dr. Bernstein - November 9th

Hi there,I want to post a small piece of news regarding the next workshop.

What topic? Euthanasia

Who is the speaker ? Mark Bernstein, Professor and Joyce and Edward E. Brewer Chair in Applied Ethics, Philosophy, Purdue University

When? Thursday, November 9th, 2006 at 5:00 - 6:30 p.m.

Where? Location: Burton Morgan Center, MRGN 129 (30 places)

Description: Euthanasia is without any doubt an important social topic and ethical debate. However, at first glance, the question of euthanasia seems to be in the United States almost a non-rational debate dominated by arguments based on religious faith and/or conviction. The intransigent positions defended by the Pro-Life supporters or by the Pro-Choice ones block apparently any communication and debate. How could we explain this environment which surprises most by its real absence of a possibility for discussion? Where do we situate ourselves regarding the question of the source of life’s normativity, if there is one? Do we think that the plurality of claims each community might have about what a consistent good life is makes inoperative any consensus on this issue?

CONTACT: www.bioethics-purdue.com